What Was The First Makeup Company To Be Created

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least vii,000 years and is present in almost every society on world. Corrective trunk fine art is argued to have been the earliest form of a ritual in human culture. The evidence for this comes in the class of utilised red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Man sapiens in Africa.^{[1] [two] [three] [iv] [5] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the volume of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well.

Cosmetics were also used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented brand up including pb-based formulas, to whiten the pare, and kohl to line the eyes.^[vii]

Across the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

1 of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to heighten their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The apply of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in nighttime colours such as blue, red, and blackness was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well equally being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians also extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} simply this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially fabricated using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[8] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to have antibacterial properties that helped foreclose infections.^[9] Remedies to care for wrinkles contained ingredients such equally mucilage of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of crimson ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To amend breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is nonetheless in utilize today. Jars of what could exist compared with setting balm take been found to comprise a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for issues such as baldness and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, considering they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life.

Middle East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in two Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

Cathay [edit]

Flowers play an of import decorative role in Mainland china. Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, girl of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees subsequently wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her brow that enhanced her dazzler further.^{[10] [11] [12]} The court ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a pocket-size fragile plum flower design.^{[x] [11] [xiii]} This is also the mythical origin of the floral way, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum flower makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted blood-red spots on the center of their cheeks, correct under their eyes. However, information technology is a mystery why. They said that blood-red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Nippon [edit]

A maiko in the Gion commune of Kyoto, Japan, in full make-up. The manner of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Nippon, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the eyes too every bit the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used past geisha as a makeup base of operations. Rice pulverisation colors the face and back; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the nose.^{[fifteen] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black pigment) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. The geisha would likewise sometimes use bird droppings to compile a lighter colour.

Western Asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black pulverization that is used widely across the Western farsi Empire. Information technology is used as a pulverisation or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[16] After Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real wait in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic law, despite these requirements, there is no accented prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be made of substances that impairment one'due south body.

An early teacher in the tenth century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th book was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he chosen "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances called Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[five] [6]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the employ of cosmetics was common among prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who idea it to be confronting the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and subsequently past Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elderberry mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Eye Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve pale skin. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to dissimilarity pale skin.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to show that they were upper course.^[17] Use of cosmetics continued in Middle Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the later 16th century in the West, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product amidst the upper class.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics continued to exist used in the post-obit centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout fourth dimension, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors,^[xix] with many famous actresses of the time, such every bit Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ethics of women appearing delicate, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their optics to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was mostly frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of cosmetic products.

Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Like practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Yous may ameliorate this article, hash out the issue on the talk folio, or create a new commodity, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the belatedly 1800s, the Western cosmetics manufacture began to grow due to a rise in "visual cocky-awareness," a shift in the perception of colour cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people's ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the need for a corrective market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the home and in public, increased consciousness of 1's appearance and created a demand for corrective products that improved one's image.^[20]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from home were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of not-toxic corrective ingredients, such every bit Henry Tetlow's 1866 utilize of zinc oxide equally a face pulverisation, and the distribution of corrective products by established companies such equally Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[20] Skincare, along with "face painting" products similar powders, too became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold foam brands such as Swimming's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high demand for the product. These advertisement and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which farther increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[20]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively pop. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Brand-up at this time was still mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual pigment to the face up) became popular among the rich at this fourth dimension in an endeavour to look paler. This exercise was dangerous due to the main ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Pale peel was associated with wealth because it meant that ane was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could just be bought at theatrical costume stores. A adult female's "makeup routine" often only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting sail, to whiten the nose in the winter and shine their cheeks in the summertime. Rouge was considered provocative, so was only seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became loftier in demand because information technology was used on chapped lips, as a base for hair tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but only lavender water or refined cologne was open-door for women to wear.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the proper name "Mum". Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-up became fashionable in the United states of america of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the inflow of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were at present adequate for the literate classes to wearable. With that said, men oftentimes saw rouge as a mark of sexual practice and sin, and rouging was considered an access of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to make it a misdemeanor for women nether the age of xl-four to wearable cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a simulated impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was one of the first to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed corrective tattooing during this time menstruum. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, cherry lips, and dark eyebrows. He too was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First World War past inserting pare tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more than pleasing to the eye.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical middle shadow and eyebrow pencils for their dwelling house use.

In the 1920s, the movie industry in Hollywood had the most influential bear on on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial event on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara's makeup creative person; she created mascara for the extra, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this time were Max Cistron, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the present mean solar day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the about popular cosmetics of this time, more than so than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[30] The Flapper style also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark optics, crimson lipstick, reddish nail polish, and the suntan, invented equally a style statement by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part because it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the central constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing lather and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny castor into hot water, rub the beard on the cake, remove the backlog by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and and then utilize the mascara equally if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of Fifty'Oréal, invented modernistic synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a smash smoothen was granted in 1919. Its colour was a very faint pink. It'due south not clear how nighttime this rose was, simply any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a babe's blush risked gossip about beingness "fast."^[31] Previously, only agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins every bit pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel'southward adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to help both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, peel whitening continued to represent the ideal of beauty, as it does to this day.

In the fourth dimension period after the First World War, there was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon'southward world. Face up-lifts were performed as early every bit 1920, simply information technology wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men merely participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the state of war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Social club of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public sensation about plastic surgery. As a result, in 1982, the United States Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements often made the surgeries seem adventure-costless, even though they were anything but. The American Order for Artful Plastic Surgery reported that more two million Americans elected to undergo corrective procedures, both surgical and not-surgical, in 1998, liposuction existence the virtually popular. Breast augmentations ranked second, while numbers three, four, and 5 went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an attempt to lighten their complexion too every bit hair straightening to announced whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and deemed for a massive thirty to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches independent caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the product of melanin in the skin. These bleaches could cause astringent dermatitis and even expiry in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an private'south risk. In the 1970s, at least five companies started producing make-upward for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did non work for nighttime skin types because they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for stake skin tones only fabricated dark pare appear grey. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer pare tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Off-white priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World War, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this time when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and confront cream were most desirable and most experimentation was carried out for the post war menses. Corrective developers realized that the war would consequence in a phenomenal boom afterwards, and so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" afterward the state of war because they were the oldest established. Pond'southward had this aforementioned appeal in the lower cost range. Gala cosmetics were one of the showtime to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern crimson" and "sea coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to become without whatever cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural expect" for solar day and a more than sexualized prototype for evening. Not-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face was in fashion as women became more than interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modern developments in technology, such as the High-shear mixer facilitated the product of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying ability in wearable than their predecessors.^[42] The prime number corrective of the time was centre shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, green, and argent.^[43] These lipsticks were ofttimes mixed with pale pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[43] This product was practical to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face with white middle shadow cream also became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole corrective industry in general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Dazzler products are now widely available from defended internet-only retailers,^[46] who accept more than recently been joined online by established outlets, including major section stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like well-nigh industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation past government agencies. In the U.S., the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that can be used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics usually associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used by cosmetic-witting men. Cosmetics brands are releasing corrective products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more commonly.^[48] At that place is some controversy over this, however, as many experience that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and practice not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive low-cal. Others, however, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men likewise have the right to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the market place of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Nihon: Japan is the second largest market place in the earth. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Japan have entered a period of stability. However, the market state of affairs is quickly changing. Now consumers can admission a lot of data on the Net and choose many alternatives, opening upwardly many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to run into the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market place for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the footing of the value of shipments past brand manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.1%, the market place was about unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russia: 1 of the near interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching Us$13.5 billion.^{[ commendation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-xix pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more complicated dwelling house skin-care regimens, pilus color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[50] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by upwards to 70% because of quarantining and confront-covering mandates.^[51]

Come across also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–viii): 73–94.
2. ^ Ability, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, K. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Scarlet ochre, body painting and linguistic communication: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-xix-156767-iv.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (ane September 2010). "The pigments from Peak Betoken Cave 13B, Western Greatcoat, South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Greece. Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-ane-43981-213-6.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical World. 102 (three): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (xviii January 2010). "Ancient Egypt'due south Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poesy: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Beloved & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Data Function, Republic of Cathay. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". W & E 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ expressionless link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". People's republic of china Today . Retrieved eight October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese habiliment. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-six. For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to take originated in the Due south Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early jump and a light cakewalk brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in any style. Fortunately, information technology looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage amidst the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (October 2001). "Make-Upwardly of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on nine February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in dazzler and fine art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:x.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. Academy of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York City: St. Martin'south Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Practice I Look?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-6.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Make-up & Mode: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-2. ^{[ folio needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". 50'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Face: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Research. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Periodical of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:ten.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Projection MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (1 June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilization: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modern Living: Black Cosmetics". Fourth dimension. 29 June 1970. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Diplomacy. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:x.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vox of the Women'due south Liberation Movement. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Visitor . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire dazzler products sector (Function 1)". Beauty At present. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on x October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your wellness". Office on Women's Health. 4 November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authorisation Over Cosmetics". Eye for Food Safety and Practical Nutrition. three March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business organisation. ten Baronial 2020. Retrieved 2 Apr 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. eighteen Dec 2020. Retrieved ii April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-upwardly. London, UK: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America'due south Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment". USA Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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